作者：自考采编发布时间：2022-10-20分类：复习资料
知识点2
莎士比亚（《哈姆雷特》To be, or not to be - that is the question）
知识点概览：
1. 莎士比亚的戏剧创作生涯：(1)早期的浪漫喜剧、历史剧(2)中期的悲剧(3)晚期的悲喜剧、传奇剧
2. 莎士比亚戏剧的代表作品及其故事梗概、情节结构、人物塑造、语言风格、思想意义：(1)喜剧《威尼斯商人》(2)悲剧《哈姆雷特》(3)传奇剧《暴风雨》
3.选读：(1)十四行诗的主题、意象(2)喜剧《威尼斯商人》选段的主题、人物性格、语言特点(3)喜剧《哈姆雷特》选段的主要内容
知识点：
1.Shakespeare has established his giant position in world literature with his 38 plays, 154 sonnets and 2 long poems(Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece). 莎翁对世界文坛的主要贡献是38 部戏剧（包括历史剧，喜剧和悲剧），154 首十四行诗和两篇长篇叙事诗：《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》和《鲁克丽丝失贞记》。
2.The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays:Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus; and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona,The Taming of the Shrew, and Love’s Labor’s Lost. 在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段，他创作了五部历史剧：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧：《错误的戏剧》，《维洛那二绅士》，《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。
3.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard III, King John,Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor; and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar. 在第二阶段，他写了五部历史剧：《理查三世》，《约翰王》，《亨利四世》第一部分和第二部分，《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《无事生非》，《皆大欢喜》，《第十二夜》，《温莎的风流娘儿们》，还有两部悲剧：《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。其中《亨利四世》第一部分和第二部分无疑是莎士比亚的历史剧中最为广泛阅读的。
4. Shakespeare’s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus. The two comedies are All’s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧），悲剧有：《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》《麦克白》，《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。
5. Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear,and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble heroes. The first of the great tragedies, Hamlet is generally regarded as Shakespeare’s most popular play on the stage, for it has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploitation of life and death. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧是：《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》。它们的共同点是，讲的都是一些高贵的英雄。四大悲剧中的第一部《哈姆雷特》通常被认为是莎士比亚舞台上最受欢迎的戏剧。因为它有着“紧张激烈的”惊悚片的特点以及对生命与死亡的哲学的深入探究。（大题）
6. “To be, or not to be - that is the question;/Whether’ tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,/Or to take arms against a sea of troubles ,/And by opposing end then?” These lines are taken from Hamlet.To be, or not to be - that is the question. 生或死，这是一个问题，是出自哈姆雷特的名句。（大题）
7. In King Lear, Shakespeare has not only made a profound analysis of the social crisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism.在《李尔王》中，莎士比亚不仅对罪恶随处可见的社会危机进行了深刻分析，同时也批评了资产阶级的利己主义。
8. Shakespeare’s greatest comedies are: The Merchant of Venice, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, As You like, Twelfth Night. The most important play among the comedies of Shakespeare is The Merchant of Venice. 莎士比亚四大喜剧为:《威尼斯商人》《仲夏夜之梦》《皆大欢喜》《第十二夜》，其中《威尼斯商人》是最重要的一部喜剧。
9. Antonio, Bassanio and Portia are the characters in The Merchant of Venice. 安东尼奥，巴萨尼奥，鲍西亚都是《威尼斯商人》中的人物。
10. The story of “a pound of flesh” is in The Merchant of Venice.莎士比亚的《威尼斯商人》中巴萨尼奥向高利贷者夏洛克借了钱，并签订契约答应到期不还便割下身上“一磅肉”作为处罚。
11. Shakespeare’ s The Tempest, an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. As the best of Shakespeare’s final romances, The Tempest is a typical example of his pessimistic view towards human life and society in his late years.作为莎士比亚后期传奇作品之最，《暴风雨》是他晚年对人类生活和社会的悲观主义看法的一个典型例子。
12. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes a(n) optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. 在他的浪漫喜剧中，莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春，并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。
13. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.“Shah I compare thee to a summer’s day?”十四行诗第十八首诗“我可否把你比作夏日“是莎翁最出色的十四行诗。（大题）
阅读理解:
1.“Shah I compare thee to a summer’s day?Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:” (2011.4)
Questions:
A. Who’s the poet of the quoted stanza, and what’s the title of the poem?
B. What figure of speech is employed in the poem?
C. What is the theme of the poem?
答案：A. Sonnet 18, Shakespeare;
B. Personification
C. A nice summer’s day is usually transient, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.
A、B 点各1 分，C 点2 分。语言错误酌情扣分。
标签：英美文学选读
